Holy Warriors Page 48
4. N. Elisséeff, “Les monuments de Nur ad-Din: inventaire, notes archéologiques et bibliographiques,” in Bulletin des Études Orientales 12 (1949–51), pp. 5–43.
5. William of Tyre, 2.225.
6. Y. Tabbaa, “Propagation of Jihad under Nur al-Din (1146–1174),” in The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades, ed. V. P. Goss (Kalamazoo, 1986), pp. 223–40; H. Dajani-Shakeel, “Al-Quds: Jerusalem in the Consciousness of the Counter-Crusader,” in The Meeting of Two Worlds, pp. 201–22; Hillenbrand, Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, pp. 150–67; D. Talmon-Heller, Islamic Piety in Medieval Syria: Mosques, Cemeteries and Sermons Under the Zangids and Ayyubids (1146–1260) (Leiden, 2007); S. A. Mourad and J. E. Lindsay, “Rescuing Syria from the Infidels: The Contribution of Ibn Asakir of Damascus to the Jihad Campaign of Sultan Nur ad-Din,” in Crusades 6 (2007), pp. 37–56; N. Elisséeff, “The Reaction of Syrian Muslims After the Foundation of the First Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem,” in Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden, 1993), pp. 162–72.
7. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, p. 262.
8. Cited in Hillenbrand, Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, p. 161.
9. William of Tyre, 2.273–75, 288–90; Phillips, Defenders, pp. 132–34, 142.
10. William of Tyre, 2.212–14, 224; Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land, pp. 221–24.
11. B. Hamilton, “The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon,” in D. Baker, ed., Studies in Church History 15 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 97–108; J. Richard, “Aux origines d’un grand lignage: des Paladii Reynald de Châtillon,” in Media in Francia: Recueil de mélanges offerts à Karl F. Werner (Paris, 1989), pp. 409–18.
12. William of Tyre, 2.235–36.
13. For a fine analysis of William’s writings and career, see P. W. Edbury and J. G. Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East (Cambridge, 1988).
14. William of Tyre, 2.300.
15. Ibid., 2.313.
16. Louis VII, “Epistolae,” in Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al., 2 vols. (Paris, 1737–1904), 16.28.
17. By far the most comprehensive biography of Saladin is M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (Cambridge, 1982); see pp. 1-29 for his early years. Note also D. S. Richards, “The Early Life of Saladin,” in Islamic Quarterly 17 (1973), pp. 140–59. See also H. Möhring, Saladin: The Sultan and His Times, tr. D. S. Bachrach (Baltimore, 2008); Hillenbrand, Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, passim. For a more hostile view of his early career, see A. Ehrenkreutz, Saladin (Albany, 1972).
18. Imad ad-Din, tr. Richards, “Early Life,” p. 146. On this author, see also D. S. Richards, “Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani: Administrator, Litterateur and Historian,” in Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden, 1993), pp. 133–46.
19. Ibn Abi Tayy, tr. Richards, “Early Life,” p. 147.
20. Y. Lev, Saladin in Egypt (Leiden, 1999).
21. Ibid., pp. 81–84.
22. Beha ad-Din, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, pp. 47–49; Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-ta’rikh, Part 2: The Years 541–589/1146–1193: The Age of Nur al-Din and Saladin, tr. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 198–200.
23. William of Tyre, 2.360.
24. Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land, pp. 168–208.
25. William of Tyre, 2.377–83.
26. John Kinnamos, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, p. 209.
27. Folda, Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, pp. 347–78; Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land, pp. 156–57; A. Jotischky, “Manuel Comnenus and the Reunion of the Churches: The Evidence of the Conciliar Mosaics in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem,” in Levant 26 (1994), pp. 207–23.
28. William of Tyre, 2.394.
29. Imad ad-Din, translation from Hillenbrand, Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, p. 166.
30. P. D. Mitchell, “An Evaluation of the Leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the Context of the Medieval World,” in B. Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 245–58.
31. William of Tyre, 2.398, 417.
32. Hamilton, Leper King, pp. 84–94.
33. William of Tyre, 2.402–4.
34. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, p. 324.
35. P. W. Edbury, “Propaganda and Faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: The Background to Hattin,” in Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden, 1993), pp. 173–89.
36. William of Tyre, 2.460.
37. Hamilton, Leper King, pp. 150–58.
38. Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, pp. 109–10.
39. Anonymi auctoris chronicon ad A.C. 1234 pertinens, tr. A. Abouna (Louvain, 1974), p. 141.
40. Hamilton, Leper King, pp. 135–36; Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, pp. 123–24.
41. P. D. Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades, pp. 61–75.
42. Letter to Louis VII, translation from Hamilton, Leper King, p. 140.
43. Hamilton, Leper King, pp. 150–58.
44. “The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” in The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, tr. P. W. Edbury (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 43–44; B. Z. Kedar, “The Patriarch Heraclius,” in Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem, eds. B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer, and R. C. Smail (Jerusalem, 1982), pp. 177–204.
45. William of Tyre, 2.461.
46. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, pp. 220–30.
47. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, pp. 51–53; Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, Part 2, pp. 289–90; Hamilton, Leper King, pp. 178–85; A. Mallett, “A Trip Down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 18 (2008), pp. 141–53.
48. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, p. 52.
49. Hamilton, “Elephant of Christ,” p. 97.
50. Letter of Imad ad-Din, in Abu Shama, “Le livre des deux jardins,” Recueil des historiens des croisades: Historiens orientaux, 5 vols. (Paris, 1872–1906), 4.231–35.
51. B. Z. Kedar, “The General Tax of 1183 in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem,” English Historical Review 89 (1974), pp. 339–45; D. M. Metcalf, Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East (London, 1995), pp. 44, 46–47.
52. Hamilton, Leper King, pp. 193–96.
53. William of Tyre, 2.498–501.
54. “Eracles Continuation of William of Tyre,” translation, p. 205; see also “Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” p. 14.
55. Alexander III, “Epistolae et privilegia,” Patrologia Latina, ed. J. P. Migne, vol. 200, cols. 1294–96.
56. Phillips, Defenders, pp. 253–63; C. J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (Chicago, 1988), pp. 50–54.
57. Records of the Templars in England in the Twelfth Century. The Inquest of 1185, ed. B. A. Lees (London, 1935), p. 163.
58. Imad ad-Din, Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin, tr. H. Massé (Paris, 1972), pp. 18–19.
59. “Lyon Eracles,” translated in The Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 154–55.
60. Roger of Wendover, The Flowers of History, tr. J. A. Giles, 2 vols. (London, 1849), 2.59.
61. “Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” p. 46.
62. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, Part 2, pp. 315–16.
63. Ibid., p. 316.
64. For an account of the battle, see The Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 156–57; M. Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 111–13.
65. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, Part 2, p. 320.
66. The best summary and analysis of the battle is B. Z. Kedar, “The Battle of Hattin Revisited,” in The Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), pp. 190–207. See also Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History, pp. 72–75; the documents collected in The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, tr. P. W. Edbury (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 158–63.
68. “Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” pp. 38–39.
69. C. P. Melville and M. C. Lyons, “Saladin’s Hattin Letter,” in The Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar, p. 211.
70. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History, p. 73.
71. Imad ad-Din, Conquête, pp. 25–26.
72. R. Lewis of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is conducting a detailed topographical study of the Battle of Hattin.
73. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, Part 2, p. 322.
74. Ibid., p. 323.
75. Imad ad-Din, Conquête, pp. 29–30.
76. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History, pp. 74–75; “Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” pp. 47–48.
77. Peter of Blois, “Passio Reginaldi,” in Tractatus Duo, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, Corpus Christianofum Continuatio Mediaevalis 194 (Turnhout, 2002).
78. Z. Gal, “Saladin’s Dome of Victory at the Horns of Hattin,” in The Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar, pp. 213–15.
79. Imad ad-Din, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 147.
80. N. Jaspert, “Zwei unbekannte Hilfsersuchen des Patriarchen Eraclius vor dem Fall Jerusalems (1187),” Deutsches Archiv 60 (2005), pp. 515–16.
81. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, Part 2, p. 332.
82. There is some disagreement in the sources on the precise sums agreed, but the outline scale is consistent. See Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, Part 2, p. 333; Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History, p. 228; “Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” pp. 59–63.
83. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, Part 2, p. 334.
84. Al-Maqrizi, A History of the Ayyubid Sultans of Egypt, tr. R. J. C. Broadhurst (Boston, 1980), pp. 89–90.
85. Talmon-Heller, Islamic Piety in Medieval Syria, pp. 101–2; Hillenbrand, Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, pp. 189–91.
86. The Minbar of Saladin, ed. L. Singer (London, 2008).
87. “Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” p. 64.
88. Ibid., pp. 77–78.
6. “Nowhere in the World Would Ever Two Such Princes Be Found”: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin, and the Third Crusade
1. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 153.
2. Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi, tr. H. J. Nicholson (Aldershot, 1997), p. 378.
3. Ibid., p. 367.
4. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 216.
5. Gregory VIII, Audita tremendi, in Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 64–65.
6. Bertrand de Born, “Nostre seigner somonis el mezeis,” in The Poems of the Troubadour Bertran de Born, eds. and trs. W. D. Paden Jr., T. Sankovitch, and P. H. Stäblein (Berkeley, 1986), no. 36, pp. 384–87.
7. J. B. Gillingham, Richard I (London, 1999), pp. 140–41, 254–68. This is an excellent—and generally very favorable—biography of the king. Similarly positive in tone, and with more of an emphasis on the chivalric context, is J. Flori, Richard the Lionheart: King and Knight, tr. J. Birell (Edinburgh, 2006). More critical voices are those of R. V. Turner and R. R. Heiser, The Reign of Richard the Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire, 1189–1199 (Harlow, 2000), although this, as the subtitle suggests, is not especially concerned with events on the crusade.
8. Chrétien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances, tr. W. W. Kibler (London, 1991).
9. J. B. Gillingham, “Richard I and the Science of War,” in Richard Coeur de Lion: Kingship, Chivalry and War in the Twelfth Century (London, 1984), pp. 211–26.
10. Richard’s preparations are expertly covered in C. J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 59–84.
11. D. Jacoby, “Conrad of Montferrat and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1187–92,” in Atti del Congresso internazionale “Dai feudi monferrine e dal Piemonte ai nuovi mondi oltre gli Oceani,” Alessandria, 2-6 aprile 1990, Biblioteca della Società di storia, arte e archeologia per le province di Alessandria e Asti, 27 (Alessandria, 1993), pp. 187–238.
12. Itinerarium peregrinorum, p. 42.
13. Ibid., p. 73.
14. Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, pp. 298–330; for the details of the Muslim camp, see p. 329; Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 155–71.
15. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, pp. 54–55; Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, pp. 97–253.
16. “The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” p. 89.
17. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 106.
18. Al-Fadil quoted in Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 313.
19. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, pp. 100–1.
20. Itinerarium peregrinorum, p. 122.
21. Abu Shama, “Le livre des deux Jardins,” vol. 4, p. 436.
22. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, pp. 144–45.
23. Ibid., pp. 147–48.
24. Roger of Howden, Gesta, tr. Gillingham, Richard I, p. 131.
25. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 146.
26. Flori, Richard the Lionheart, pp. 401–6, discusses Richard and the Arthur legend.
27. Roger of Howden, Gesta, pp. 146–47.
28. Letter of Richard to the justiciar of England, August 1191, The Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 179.
29. “Eracles Continuation of William of Tyre,” The Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 178.
30. Ambroise, The History of the Holy War: Ambroise’s Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, ed. and tr. M. Ailesard M. C. Barber, vols. (Woodbridge, 2003) p. 95.
31. Richard of Devizes, The Chronicle of Richard of Devizes of the Time of King Richard the First, ed. and tr. J. T. Appleby (London, 1963), p. 39.
32. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 150.
33. Ambroise, History of the Holy War, pp. 95–102.
34. Ibid., p. 102.
35. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 161; Itinerarium peregrinorum, pp. 218–20.
36. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 161.
37. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle of Richard of Devizes, pp. 46–47.
38. Rigord, Histoire de Philippe Auguste, eds. and trs. E. Carpentier, G. Pon, and Y. Chauvin (Paris, 2006), pp. 303–7; J. Bradbury, Philip Augustus: King of France, 1180–1223 (London, 1998), pp. 76–97.
39. Itinerarium peregrinorum, p. 223.
40. See, for example, the comments by Tariq Ali in Richard the Lionheart and Saladin: Holy Warriors, BBC2, March 26, 2005.
41. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, pp. 164–65.
42. Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 167–71. See also Richard’s own letter, The Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 179–81. This issue is discussed by Flori, Richard the Lionheart, pp. 360–61.
43. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, pp. 168–70.
44. Ambroise, History of the Holy War, p. 110.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., p. 117; see also Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 170.
47. Ibid., p. 175.
48. Ambroise, History of the Holy War, p. 120; Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 223.
49. Ambroise, History of the Holy War, p. 120.
50. Ibid., p. 127.
51. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 193.
52. Ambroise, History of the Holy War, p. 135.
53. P. W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 27–29.
54. Ambroise, History of the Holy War, pp. 153–54.
55. Ibid., p. 162.
56. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 210.
57. Ambroise, History of the Holy War, p. 172.
58. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, pp. 222–23.
59. Itinerarium peregrinorum, p. 355.
60. Ibid., p. 367.
61. Beha ad-Din, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, pp. 226–34.
62. Ambroise, History of the Holy War, pp. 187–91.
63. Ibid.,
p. 193.
64. Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 222–53.
65. Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir, Part 2, p. 387.
66. Itinerarium peregrinorum, p. 382.
67. Abd al-Latif, cited in Ibn Abi Usay’bia, translated in B. Lewis, Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople. Volume 1: Politics and War (Oxford, 1987), pp. 66–67.
7. “An Example of Affliction and the Works of Hell”: The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople, 1204
1. Innocent III, “Epistolae et privilegia,” Innocent to the patriarch of Antioch, June 1211, in Patrologia Latina, ed. J. P. Migne, vol. 216, cols. 435–36.
2. C. Maier, “Mass, the Eucharist and the Cross: Innocent III and the Relocation of the Crusade,” in Pope Innocent III and His World, ed. J. C. Moore (Aldershot, 1999), pp. 351–60.
3. E. N. Johnson, “The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI,” in A History of the Crusades, ed. K. M. Setton, 6 vols. (Wisconsin, 1969–89), 2.87–122.
4. E. Kennan, “Innocent III and the First Political Crusade,” in Traditio 27 (1971), pp. 231–49; N. Housley, “Crusades Against Christians: Their Origins and Early Development, c. 1000–1216,” in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 17–36. See also The Deeds of Pope Innocent III by an Anonymous Author, ed. and tr. J. M. Powell (Washington, 2004), pp. 19–49.
5. Die Register Innocenz’ III, ed. O. Hageneder et al. (Vienna, 1964), 2.413–14.
6. Deeds of Pope Innocent III, p. 46, translating “remissione” as “indulgence” rather than Powell’s “blessing.”
7. For overviews of the Fourth Crusade, see J. P. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (London, 2004); D. E. Queller and T. F. Madden, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, second edition (Philadelphia, 1997); M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context (Harlow, 2003).
8. Innocent III, Sources for the History of the Fourth Crusade, tr. A. Andrea (Leiden, 2000), pp. 10–11.
9. Phillips, Fourth Crusade, pp. 39–47.
10. Geoffrey of Villehardouin (henceforth GV), “The Conquest of Constantinople,” in Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades, tr. C. Smith (London, 2008).