Holy Warriors Page 47

  52. Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, pp. 129–30.

  53. The best account of the siege is to be found in France, Victory in the East, pp. 325–66.

  54. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, trs. J. H. and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia, 1968), pp. 127–28.

  55. Ibid., p. 128.

  56. Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, pp. 428–29.

  57. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, p. 127.

  58. B. Z. Kedar, “The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades,” in Crusades 3 (2004), pp. 15–76.

  59. Gesta Francorum, p. 92.

  60. William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trs. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, 2 vols. (New York, 1943) 1.372–73; Latin text in Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, 2 vols. (Turnhout, 1986).

  61. Pope Paschal II, in Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 178.

  62. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, p. 128.

  63. Murray, Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 63–77.

  64. J. P. Phillips, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom (London, 2007), pp. 17–36.

  2. “May God’s Curse Be Upon Them!”: Relations Between Muslims and Franks in the Levant, 1099–1187

  1. Translated by C. Hillenbrand, in Phillips, Crusades, p. 169.

  2. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, pp. 83–109.

  3. Al-Sulami, Kitab al-Jihad, tr. N. Christie, published online at http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/447/texts/Sulami.html; see also N. Christie, “Motivating Listeners in the Kitab al-Jihad of Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d.1106),” in Crusades 6 (2007), pp. 1–14. The seminal article on this topic is E. Sivan, “La génèse de la contre-croisade: un traité damasquin du début du XIIe siècle,” in Journal Asiatique 254 (1966), pp. 197–224.

  4. Al-Sulami, f. 179b (references follow the manuscript numbering in Christie’s translation).

  5. Ibid., f. 176b.

  6. Ibid., f. 175a.

  7. Ibid., f. 177a

  8. Bernard of Clairvaux and Raol, author of The Conquest of Lisbon, were two mid-twelfth-century Christian writers who used this theme. See Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 72–73, 154.

  9. Usama ibn Munqidh, The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades, tr. P. M. Cobb (London, 2008); P. M. Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh: Warrior Poet of the Age of Crusades (Oxford, 2005); P. M. Cobb, “Infidel Dogs: Hunting Crusaders with Usama ibn Munqidh,” in Crusades 6 (2007), pp. 57–68; R. Irwin, “Usama ibn Munqidh: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman at the Time of the Crusades Reconsidered,” in The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton, eds. J. France and W. G. Zajac (Aldershot, 1998), pp. 71–87.

  10. M. G. S. Hodgson, The Secret Order of the Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizari Isma’ilis Against the Islamic World (Philadelphia, 1955).

  11. Usama ibn Munqidh, Book of Contemplation, pp. 208–10.

  12. Excerpts in ibid., pp. 254–59.

  13. Irwin, “Usamah ibn Munqidh,” pp. 83–85.

  14. Usama ibn Munqidh, Book of Contemplation, pp. 245–54.

  15. For this anecdote, see Irwin, “Usamah ibn Munqidh,” p. 86.

  16. Usama ibn Munqidh, Book of Contemplation, p. 144.

  17. Ibid., p. 149.

  18. Koran, 17.1.

  19. Usama ibn Munqidh, Book of Contemplation, p. 147.

  20. Ibid., pp. 205–6; Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 217–18.

  21. Fulcher of Chartres, History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, p. 271.

  22. Usama ibn Munqidh, Book of Contemplation, pp. 122, 138, 208.

  23. Ibid., p. 25.

  24. Ibid., pp. 59–62.

  25. Irwin, “Usamah ibn Munqidh,” pp. 73–75.

  26. Usama ibn Munqidh, Book of Contemplation, pp. 145–46.

  27. Ibid., p. 146.

  28. P. D. Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon (Cambridge, 2004).

  29. Usama ibn Munqidh, Book of Contemplation, p. 179.

  30. Ibid., pp. xxxiii–xxxiv.

  31. Ibid., p. 178.

  32. Ibn Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, tr. R. J. C. Broadhurst (London, 1952); I. R. Netton, “Ibn Jubayr: Penitent Pilgrim and Observant Traveller,” in Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam (Richmond, 1996), pp. 95–102.

  33. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, p. 20.

  34. Ibid., p. 15.

  35. Ibid., p. 60.

  36. Ibid., p. 67.

  37. Ibid., pp. 166–67.

  38. Ibid., p. 66.

  39. Ibid., p. 71.

  40. Ibid., p. 138.

  41. Ibid., p. 271.

  42. Ibid., p. 279.

  43. Ibid., p. 311.

  44. Ibid., pp. 311–14.

  45. Ibid., p. 312.

  46. For example, see Beha ad-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, tr. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2001), esp. pp. 22–26.

  47. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, p. 316.

  48. Ibid., pp. 300–1.

  49. Ibid., pp. 316–17.

  50. Ibid., p. 318.

  51. Ibid., pp. 320–21.

  52. S. A. Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528 (Chapel Hill, 1996); T. F. Madden, Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice (Baltimore, 2003); W. Heywood, A History of Pisa: Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Cambridge, 1921).

  53. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, p. 325.

  54. Ibid., p. 331.

  3. “A Woman of Unusual Wisdom and Discretion”: Queen Melisende of Jerusalem

  1.N. R. Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative (Woodbridge, 2007), p. 107; D. Gerish, “Gender Theory,” in Palgrave Advances: The Crusades, ed. H. J. Nicholson (Basingstoke, 2005), pp. 130–47.

  2. MacEvitt, Rough Tolerance, pp. 70–71; Murray, Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 182.

  3. Murray, Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 115–27; Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land, pp. 141–44; MacEvitt, Rough Tolerance, pp. 75–78.

  4. J. P. Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations Between the Latin East and the West, 1119–1187 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 19–35.

  5. Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land, pp. 57–60, 71–90, 159–60, 181–90; see also William of Tyre, 2.135.

  6. William of Tyre, 2.45–46, contrasts with 50-51 to give the crucial difference in terms.

  7. Ibid., 2.38.

  8. Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History, ed. and tr. M. Chibnall, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1969–80), 6.390–91.

  9. J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages (London, 1972), pp. 96–101.

  10. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, “King Fulk of Jerusalem and ‘The Sultan of Babylon,’” in Montjoie: Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer, eds. B. Z. Kedar, J. S. C. Riley-Smith, and R. Hiestand (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 55–66.

  11. Le cartulaire du chapitre du Saint-Sépulcre de Jérusalem, ed. G. Bresc-Bautier (Paris, 1984), no. 92, p. 209.

  12. B. F. Reilly, The Kingdom of León-Castilla Under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126 (Princeton, 1982).

  13. H. E. Mayer, “Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem,” in Dumbarton Oaks Papers 26 (1972), pp. 95–182; Phillips, Crusades, pp. 106–8; Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land, pp. 134–35.

  14. William of Tyre, 2.71–72.

  15. H. E. Mayer, Varia Antiochena: Studien zum Kreuzfahrerfürstentum Antiochia im 12. und frühen 13. Jahrhundert (Hanover, 1993), no. 2, p. 114; Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land, pp. 44–52.

  16. William of Tyre, 2.72.

  17. Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water, pp. 103–26, esp. 111.

  18. William of Tyre, 2.72.

  19. Ibid., 2.73–74.

  20. Ibn al-Qalanisi, The Damascus Chronicles of the Crusades, tr. H. A. R. Gibb (London, 1932), p. 215.

  21. William of Tyre, 2.73–74.

  22. J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediter
ranean, 649–1571 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 3–4.

  23. AJ. Boas, Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East (London, 1999), pp. 13, 25–30.

  24. William of Tyre, 2.74–76.

  25. B Z. Kedar, “A Twelfth-Century Description of the Jerusalem Hospital;” S. B. Edgington, “Medical Care in the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem,” both in The Military Orders Volume 2: Welfare and Warfare, ed. H. J. Nicholson (Aldershot, 1994), pp. 3–26, 27–33; Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades, pp. 60–85.

  26. William of Tyre, 2.75–76.

  27. Mayer, “Studies in the History of Queen Melisende,” pp. 107, 109.

  28. William of Tyre, 2.76.

  29. H. E. Mayer, “Angevins Versus Normans: The New Men of King Fulk of Jerusalem,” in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 133 (1989), pp. 1–25.

  30. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, 6.390–93.

  31. Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicles of the Crusades, p. 208.

  32. Regesta regni Hierosolymitani, 1098–1291, ed. R. Röhricht (Innsbruck, 1893), nos. 163–64, pp. 40–41.

  33. Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land, pp. 46–52, 59–61.

  34. J. Folda, The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098–1187 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 137–63; B. Kühnel, Crusader Art of the Twelfth Century: A Geographical, an Historical, or an Art-Historical Notion? (Berlin, 1994), pp. 67–125.

  35. Folda, Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, pp. 130–37, 246–49.

  36. William of Tyre, 2.132–34; Folda, Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, pp. 131–36.

  37. Boas, Crusader Archaeology, p. 25.

  38. William of Tyre, 2.134–35.

  39. Bernard of Clairvaux, The Letters of St Bernard of Clairvaux, new edition, tr. B. S. James, introduction B. M. Kienzle (Stroud, 1998), no. 274, p. 347.

  40. Ibid., no. 273, p. 346.

  41. Gesta Stephani (The Deeds of Stephen), ed. and tr. K. R. Potter (London, 1955), p. 81; M. Chibnall, The Empress Mathilda (Oxford, 1996).

  42. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, 5.324–25; Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land, pp. 109–10, 114–15, 236–38.

  43. William of Tyre, 2.283, 291.

  44. Folda, Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, pp. 324–28.

  45. William of Tyre, 2.139–40, 283.

  4. The “Blessed Generation”: Saint Bernard of Clairvaux and the Second Crusade, 1145–49

  1. On the Second Crusade generally, see Phillips, Second Crusade, and the seminal article by G. Constable, “The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries,” in Traditio 9 (1953), pp. 213–79.

  2. C. Hillenbrand, “‘Abominable Acts’: The Career of Zengi,” in The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, eds. J. P. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester, 2001), pp. 111–32, text here from p. 123.

  3. Nersēs Šnorhali, “Lament on Edessa,” tr. T. Van Lint, in East and West in the Crusader States II: Context, Contacts, Confrontations, eds. K. Ciggaar and H. Teule, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 92 (Leuven, 1999), pp. 49–105, text here from p. 75.

  4. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 1–16.

  5. Ibid., pp. 37–60.

  6. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum: The Deeds of the Kings of England, eds. and trs. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson, and M. Winterbottom, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1998–99), 2.655.

  7. Translation in Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 91; also in Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 280–82.

  8. Odo of Deuil, The Journey of Louis VII to the East: De profectione Ludovici in Orientem, ed. and tr. V. G. Berry (Columbia, 1948), pp. 8–9.

  9. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 99–100.

  10. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, p. 399.

  11. Ibid., p. 462.

  12. Ibid.

  13. B. Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind, second edition (Aldershot, 1987), p. 182.

  14. R. Chazan, “From the First Crusade to the Second: Evolving Perceptions of the Christian–Jewish Conflict,” in Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe, eds. M. A. Singer and J. Van Engen (Notre Dame, 2001), pp. 46–62; The Jews and the Crusaders, ed. and tr. S. Eidelberg (Madison, 1977); R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, pp. 46–66; Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, tr. C. C. Mierow (New York, 1953), pp. 74–75.

  15. Otto of Freising, Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, p. 70.

  16. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 94–95.

  17. W. J. Purkis, Crusading Spirituality in the Holy Land and Iberia, c. 1095–c. 1187 (Woodbridge, 2008); J. F. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia, 2003).

  18. Translated in Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 40.

  19. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 244–68; S. A. Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528, pp. 49–53.

  20. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 228–43; E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades, second edition (Harmondsworth, 1997), pp. 1–49; K. Lotter, “The Crusade Idea and the Conquest of the Region East of the Elbe,” in Medieval Frontier Societies, eds. R. Bartlett and A. Mackay (Oxford, 1989), pp. 267–85.

  21. Phillips, Second Crusade, p. 235.

  22. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, p. 467.

  23. K. Villads Jensen, “Denmark and the Second Crusade: The Formation of a Crusader State?,” in The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, eds. J. P. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester, 2001), pp. 164–79.

  24. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. xxviii–xxix, 238.

  25. Ibid., pp. 136–67; Phillips, “Ideas of Crusade and Holy War in (De expugnatione Lyxbonensi) The Conquest of Lisbon,” in The Holy Land, Holy Lands and Christian History, ed. R. N. Swanson, Studies in Church History 36 (2000), pp. 123–41.

  26. J. P. Huffman, The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066–1307) (Ann Arbor, 2000), pp. 46–56.

  27. The Conquest of Lisbon (De expugnatione Lyxbonensi), ed. and tr. C. W. David, with a new foreword and bibliography by J. P. Phillips (New York, 2001), pp. 56–57.

  28. Ibid., pp. 68–69; Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 145–46.

  29. Conquest of Lisbon, pp. 78–79.

  30. Ibid., pp. 90–93.

  31. H. Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus (Harlow, 1996), pp. 179–203.

  32. Conquest of Lisbon, pp. 120–23.

  33. Ibid., pp. 152–55.

  34. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 99–103.

  35. E. A. R. Brown and M. W. Cothren, “The Twelfth-Century Crusading Window of the Abbey of Saint-Denis,” in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 49 (1986), pp. 1–40.

  36. Odo of Deuil, Journey of Louis VII, pp. 16–19.

  37. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, pp. 94–101; Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 168–77.

  38. Otto of Freising, Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 80–81.

  39. J. Roche, “Conrad III and the Second Crusade: Retreat from Dorylaion?,” in Crusades 5 (2006), pp. 85–94.

  40. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 188–95.

  41. John Kinnamos, The Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos, tr. C. M. Brand (New York, 1976), p. 69; Odo of Deuil, Journey of Louis VII, pp. 56–61.

  42. Odo of Deuil, Journey of Louis VII, pp. 114–21; William of Tyre, 2.175–77; Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 198–202.

  43. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 207–9.

  44. Michael the Syrian, Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d’Antioche (1166–1199), ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, 4 vols. (Paris, 1899–1910), 3.272.

  45. William of Tyre, 2.193–95.

  46. John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, ed. and tr. M. Chibnall (London, 1956), p. 52.

  47. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 210–12.

  48. Ibid., p. 212.

  49. M. Hoch, “The Choice of Damascus as the Objective of the Second Crusade: A Re-evaluation,” in Autour de la Première Croisade, ed. M. Balard, Byzantina Sorboniensia 14 (Paris, 1996), pp. 359–69; Phillip
s, Second Crusade, pp. 215–18.

  50. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 218–23.

  51. Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, “Mirror of the Times,” in Arab Historians of the Crusades, tr. F. Gabrieli (Berkeley, 1969), p. 62; see also Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicles of the Crusades, p. 284; Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 222–27.

  52. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 269–71; John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, pp. 11–12.

  53. R. Hiestand, “The Papacy and the Second Crusade,” in The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, pp. 32–53.

  54. William of Tyre, 2.196.

  55. Phillips, Defenders, pp. 100–18; G. Constable, “The Crusading Project of 1150,” in Montjoie: Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer, eds. B. Z. Kedar, J. S. C. Riley-Smith, and R. Hiestand (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 67–75; T. Reuter, “The Non-Crusade of 1149–1150,” in The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, pp. 150–63.

  56. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 239–41.

  57. Helmold of Bosau, The Chronicle of the Slavs, tr. F. J. Tschan (New York, 1935), pp. 180–81.

  58. Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 241–43.

  59. Ibid., pp. 253–59. For a contemporary source, see the “Poem of Almeria,” in The World of El Cid, trs. S. Barton and R. A. Fletcher (Manchester, 2000), pp. 250–63.

  60. Ibid., p. 251.

  61. N. Jaspert, “Capta est Dertosa: clavis Christianorum. Tortosa and the Crusades,” The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, pp. 90–110.

  62. For the contemporary writings of the Genoese consul Caffaro, see J. B. Williams, “The Making of a Crusade: The Genoese Anti-Muslim Attacks in Spain, 1146–1148,” in Journal of Medieval History 23 (1997), pp. 29–53, Caffaro’s text at pp. 48–53, charter cited at pp. 38–39.

  63. C. Di Fabio, La cattedrale di Genova nel medioevo, secoli vi–xiv (Genoa, 1998), pp. 88–91.

  5. Saladin, the Leper King, and the Fall of Jerusalem in 1187

  1. Folda, Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, pp. 175–245.

  2. Mayer, “Queen Melisende,” pp. 117–25; Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land, pp. 183–85; William of Tyre, 2.204–7.

  3. William of Tyre, 2.196–98; Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicles of the Crusades, pp. 291–92.